COMPUTER-NURSING - THESIS PROPOSAL

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Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

The proponents of Bachelor of Science in Computer Technology, third year students of the Zamboanga City State Polytechnic College had innovated a device that is handy, cheap, convenient, and easy to us.

The purpose of the project is to identify the voltage, test the power and continuity of the terminals. It will also provide help in preventive measures and troubleshooting. The project is useful and in demand for students who are taking up computer technology courses as well as computer technicians.

Origin and Justification of the Study

The developments of machines and gadgets have been improving from time to time. For years, many inventions and inventors have formulated and produce new technology for the purpose to ease work productivity and efficiency. Discoveries have been made from mechanical to electronics up to computerize technology were introduced to companies and institutions.

      Technology has reached its peak for this generation. High-tech devices and machines have been produced for “consumer-benefit”, or it becomes a life style technology for people now a days

         Therefore, the proposed project has prompted the proponents to innovate and recreate a gadget named PC-DC Pen Voltage Tester

Objectives of the Study
1.) To design and produce PC-DC Pen Voltage Tester.
2.) To demonstrate the operational function of the tester.
3.) To prototype the tester.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

      This technical feasibility study is to obtain a PC-DC Pen Voltage Tester that can only be used with Direct Current (DC), it limits up to 12 volts only. The tester is limited for checking and testing the voltage of a PC circuit terminals and the continuity of the terminals. It will be useful to the BS Computer Technology Students and Instructors of the ZCSPC and other computer technicians.

      The project was tested and validated by selected computer technology, electronics and electrical instructors/professors of the Zamboanga City State Polytechnic College.

          The study was conducted during the second semester of academic year 2008-2009 up to the first semester of 2009-2010.

Chapter I

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter covers the review of related studies and literature, the conceptual model, the operational definitions used in the study.

(You must draw it..)

COMPUTER STUDENTS

COMPUTER TECHNICIANS

TESTING THE PC-DC PEN VOLTAGE TESTER

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

The concept of the project proposal starts with the user entity which allows the tester to function.

The project needs to be tested by Computer Technicians and even Computer Technology students. That will help in the troubleshooting, repair and maintenance of a personal computer.

Review of the Related Studies and Literature

The review of related studies and literature consisted of finding related topics about PC-DC Pen voltage Tester. The related studies and literature gave some background information about the PC-DC Pen Voltage Tester. This was done by surfing the internet using the different web search engine.

Related Studies

The related studies focused more on the invention related to the PC-DC Pen Voltage Tester which was taken from surfing the internet.

           Simple Electronics (Basic) by Michael Q. Enriquez, Fred T. Gantalao, and Rommel M. Lasala Copyright 2004 (Philippines). Macadie, Donald (early 1920s) invented a first multi-meter. The Multi-meter is the best instrument that can measure voltage, resistance, and current. It measures the numerical value and not the actual waveform, which is also important to know specially when troubleshooting and determining the frequency of the signal. There are 2 types of multi-meter, the Analog multi-tester and the digital multi-tester. Analog multi-tester has a moving coil assembly which is characterized by a needle pointer while Digital multi-tester is purely electronic, without any moving element or coil. It uses Liquid Crystal display which is also used in calculators and digital watche.

          Simple Electronics (Basic) by Michael Q. Enriquez, Fred T. Gantalao, and Rommel M. Lasala Copyright 2004 (Philippines). A German physicist Karl Ferdinand Braun (1895) invented the oscilloscope. The oscilloscope is a unique instrument designed to graphically measure time varying voltage and current values. This method of measurement permits the operator to actually see voltage and current signal traces instead of viewing the results on a deflection meter or a digital display instrument. Oscilloscopes function is to determine the time and voltage values of a signal, calculate the frequency of an oscillating signal, we can view the “moving parts” of a circuit represented by the signal, tells if a malfunctioning components is distorting the signal, find outs how much of a signal is direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC), and tell how much of the signal noise and whether the noise is changing.

        Continuity Tester and How to Use a Continuity Tester by eHow Contributing Writer

Dave Donovan, http://www.ehow.com/how_2076995_use-continuity-tester.html Copyright © 1999-2009. From the word itself, continuity tester is an tool that can determine electrical current or continuity. Wall outlets can be tested with this device which is also called multi-meter or multi-tester. According to the anonymous writer starting with 9 volt supply, when the probes are short-circuited there is a 8.2 volt drop across the zener diode Z1 leaving a maximum of 0.8 volt across a resistor. Application of Ohm’s law shows that a maximum current of 0.8/1,000 = 0.8 mA lows via the probes.

           Simple Electronics (Basic) by Michael Q. Enriquez, Fred T. Gantalao, and Rommel M. Lasala Copyright 2004 (Philippines). Gaston Plante was a French physicist who invented the lead acid battery in 1859. The lead acid battery eventually became the first rechargeable electric battery marketed for commercial use. The storage battery consists of a group of cells connected together in series. Each cell consists of a lead plate, a lead oxide plate, and an electrolytic solution of sulfuric acid. When these types of batteries run down, they can be recharged by forcing current through the battery in the direction opposite the direction the current flows when the battery is fully charged.

             Georges Lelanche (1839-1882) a French engineer and chemist invented a battery known as the dry cell or a flashlight battery. The electrolyte consists of a mixture of ammonium chloride and zinc chloride made into a paste. The negative electrode is a carbon rod surrounded by a mixture of carbon and manganese dioxide The Lelanche cell produces about 1.5 volts.

       © John Hewes 2009, The Electronics Club,www.kpsec.freeuk.com. In the summer of 1958 Jack S. Kilby at Texas Instruments found a solution to problem of using large numbers of transistors and vacuum tubes. It is a complete electronic circuit, containing transistors and perhaps diode, resistors, and capacitors, along with their interconnecting electrical conductors, processed on and contained entirely within a single chip of silicon. The advantage in making an electronic circuit in integrated rather than discrete form, small size, low cost, and high reliability.

Related literature

       The related literature emphasizes the relatedness between the current study and the work of other authors. It provides a thematic narrative which guides the formulation of the topic and suggests strategies for making operational the independent and dependent variables considered in the study.

     C Jungnickel and R McCormmach, Intellectual Mastery of Nature; Theoretical physics from Ohm to Einstein, (Chicago, 1986) German physicist Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854) discovered the law that was named after him, which states that the current flow through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference and inversely proportional to the resistance. The result was not contained in Ohm’s first paper published in 1825, however, for this paper examines the decrease in the electromagnetic force produced by a wire as the length of the wire increased. The paper deduced mathematical relationships based purely on the experimental evidence that Ohm had tabulated. The law may be expressed by the following equation; if the voltage V (in units of volts) between two ends of a wire made from one of these materials is tripled, the current I (amperes) also triple; and the quotient V/I remain constant. The quotient V/I for a given piece of material is called its resistance, R, measured in units named ohms. The resistance of materials for which Ohm’s law is valid does not change over enormous ranges of voltage and current. Ohm’s law may be expressed mathematically as V/I=R. That the resistance or the ratio of voltage to current, for all or part of an electric circuit at a fixed temperature is generally constant had been established by 1827 as a result of the investigations of Ohm.
Alternate statements of Ohm’s law are the current I in a conductor equals the potential difference V across the conductor divided by the resistance of the conductor, or simply I=V/R, and that the potential difference across a conductor equals the product of the current in the conductor and its resistance, V=IR. In a circuit in which the potential difference, or voltage, is constant, the current may be decreased by adding more resistance or increased by removing some resistance. Ohm’s law may also be expressed in terms of the electromotive force, or voltage, E, of the source of electric energy, such as a battery. For example, I=E/R.

             What is now known as Ohm’s law appears in this famous book “Die Galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet” (The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically) (1827) in which he gave his complete theory of electricity. The book begins with the mathematical background necessary for an understanding of the rest of the work. While his work greatly influenced the theory and applications of current electricity, it was coldly received. The emphasis of Ohm’s theory was on a non-mathematical approach to physics that such a mathematical background was necessary for even the leading German physicists to understand the work. Ohm was not really successful in convincing the older German physicist that the mathematical approach was the right one. To some extent, as Caneva explain, this was Ohm’s fault: “…in neither the introduction nor the body of the work, which contained the more rigorous development of the theory, did Ohm brings decisively home either the underlying unity of the whole or the connections between fundamental assumptions and major deductions. For example, although his theory was conceived as a strict deductive system based on three fundamental laws, he nowhere indicated precisely which of their several mathematical and verbal expressions he wished to be taken as the canonical form.”

            It is interesting that Ohm’s presents his theory as one of contiguous action, a theory which opposed the concept of action at a distance. Ohm believed that the communication of electricity occurred between “contiguous particles” which is the term Ohm himself uses. The paper is concerned with this idea, and in particular with illustrating the differences in scientific approach between Ohm and that of Fourier and Navier. Ohm’s law states that the flow of current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Using this law, scientists could for the first time work out the amounts of current, voltage and resistance in electric currents, and the variations of one though changes in the others. By altering circuit components such as resistances, they could then design circuits to perform specific functions. His formulation of the relationship between current, electromotive force, and resistance, is the basic law of current flow.

ThePCGuide(http://www.pcguide.com) Site version: 2.2.0 Version Date: April 17, 2001

There are two types of electricity: DIRECT CURRENT and the ALTERNATING CURRENT. Direct current or DC is the first type of current because it was easy to produce. This type of current always flows in one direction. One of the disadvantages of using DC is the excessive voltage drop and power loss in the power lines in a long distance transmission. Batteries are common sources of direct current. In the other hand Alternating current or AC us the solution to the problem of DC. AC allows the flow of current in two directions. Today, it is possible to step-up electricity to a power station, transmit it to any distant place and step-up electricity to a power station, transmit it to any distant place an step it down to for consumption. A transformer is the device used for stepping-up or stepping-down AC voltage. Common sources of AC are found in our AC outlet (Typically, 220 volts, in the Philippines).

             The electricity that we can get from a utility company is in the form of alternating current (AC), while the electricity your PC requires is direct current (DC). Therefore the primary function of a power supply in a PC is to convert the wall AC power into a DC form that the PC can use. In fact, the supply normally provides several different voltage levels to meet the demands of different components in the machine.

                PC Hardware Maintenance and Repair by Michael Graves PROMP Publications Copyright 2002. Power Supply in a PC is define as a little silver box in the computer (specifically PC or Personal Computer) that delivers DC current to all the devices in your computer. Technically speaking, it is a power converter, and not a power supply.

                Power supplies have many important roles to play in the following areas of the system; 1) Stability, 2) Cooling, 3) Energy Efficiency, 4) Expandability. The PC power supply must provide several different voltages, at different strengths, and must also manage some additional signals that the motherboard uses. The amount of current provided at each voltage level is important because of its impact on determining the supply’s ability to provide sufficient power for the system. The -12 volts is used on some types of serial ports circuits. The -5 volts is now an archaic voltage, it is used on some of the earliest PCs for floppy controllers and other circuits used by ISA bus cards. The 0 volt is the ground of the PC’s electrical system and also called common. The +3.3 volts is the newest level provided by modern power supplies. The +5 volts is on older form factor systems but the motherboard and many of its components still use it. Last but not the least, +12 volts are used primarily to power dish drive motors.

             Simple Electronics (Basic) by Michael Q. Enriquez, Fred T. Gantalao, and Rommel M. Lasala Copyright 2004 (Philippines). A French Mathematician and physicist Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836) he founded and named the science of electrodynamics, now known as electromagnetism. He gave a formalized understanding of the relationships between electricity and magnetism using algebra. If a conductor is moved through a magnetic field, or if the strength of the stationary conducting loop is made to vary, a current is set up or induced in the conductor. The converse of this principle is that of electromagnetic reaction. If a current is passed through a conductor located in a magnetic field, the field exerts a mechanical force on it.

Conceptual Model

The conceptual model which will guide this study is depicted in the form of paradigm shown in figure 1.

Put them in tables.....

INPUT THROUGHPUT OUTPUT

Figure 2. The Conceptual Model of the Study

This study followed input – throughput – output approach.

The input of the study were the alternatives and ideas taken from the related studies and literature, supplies and materials, tools and equipment and cost of material and labor needed in the construction of the PC-DC Pen Voltage Tester.

The process of the study consisted of the processes involved in the development of the device such as designing, constructing and testing of the PC-DC Pen Voltage Tester.

Operational Definition of Terms Used in the Study

The following terms are defined as used in the study.

Personal Computer (PC) – is relatively small and inexpensive, compared with the computers of large businesses and organizations that act as servers or run computer operations on a grand scale. Personal computers are made for the use of individuals or small business entrepreneurs.

Direct Current – Electricity flowing in one direction. This is the type of electricity generated by common batteries such as flashlight batteries.

Analog Multi-tester – a portable instrument which can be used to measure voltage, current, and resistance.

LM3914 IC – a monolithic integrated circuit that senses analog voltage levels and drives 10 LEDs, providing a linear analog display.

Battery – Energy creating electricity producing direct current in different voltage.

Resistor – is used to regulate the voltage flow of current, depending to each purpose.

Transistor – is used an amplifier or as an electronic switch.

LED – Light Emitting Diode, is an electronic light source that will indicate the flow of current.

Alligator Clip – is a spring-loaded clip with serrated jaws, often used to make temporary electrical connections.

CCB (Copper Clad Board) – it is where the diagram is design and electronic components are to be installed.

Push-button Switch – is a simple switch mechanism for controlling some aspect of a machine or a process

DPDT (Double Pole, Double Throw) Switch – control consisting of a mechanical or electrical or electronic device for making or breaking or changing the connections in a circuit

Jumper Wires – are wires used to connect two pins.

CPU – (Central Processing Unit) the brain and heart of the computer.

Chapter III

Development of the Project

This chapter presents a brief description of the supplies and material, cost tools, equipment and construction procedures, the try-out and revisions, and construction time frame of the PC-DC Pen Voltage Tester.

Supplies, Materials and Cost

Table 1 showed the cost of the supplies and materials used in the construction of the project and the number of pieces per item.

Table 1

Supplies, Materials, and Cost
(Put it on table)

The construction of different component of the project is represented here in with the corresponding sketches and diagram.

· Step #1 – The first thing to consider before designing a PCB is to a schematic diagram according to the design. Below is the Schematic diagram.

(Pictures are not available)

Step #1

Figure 3. Schematic Diagram

Step #2 – Prepare all the materials needed in constructing the PC-DC Pen Voltage Tester

Figure 4. Plastic Container

Figure 5. Paper Tape
Figure 6
(And till the last step..)

Try-out and Revision

The try-out and Revision is shown the major component of the Electronic Water Purifier defects and minor revision were note, tested, and evaluated. The purpose of try-out and revision are mainly to identify the parts defect and to improve its capability and functionalities for the greater accuracy.

Table 2

Defects and Revision

DEFECTS	REVISION
1. There was no connectivity or conduction 2.We removed 3 DPDT switches 3. The LED busted 4. The IC was busted	- We repaired and analyzed the correct circuit that is suited to our device. - We intend to use only 1 switch for the on/off purpose/s. - We replaced a new LED - We replaced a new IC.

Time Frame

Table 3 below shows the work activities and time consumed of the gadget.

Table 3

Work Activities and Time Consumed

Work Activities	Time Consumed (in hours)
1. Preparing of Supplies and materials	100
2. Assembly work	80
3. Painting Job	1
4. Try-out and revision	50
Total number of hours	231 hours

Table 3 showed clearly that the device was constructed for Two hundred thirty one hours (231 hours) and is equivalent to almost 10 working days.

Tools and Equipment Used

Below are shown in the table 4 the tools and equipment used and their respective functions

Table 4

Tools and Equipment Used and Their Respective Functions

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